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Inherited Inequality

Why Opportunity Gaps Persist between Black and White Youth Raised in Two-Parent Families

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Pub Date Sep 16 2025 | Archive Date Sep 16 2025

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Description

A groundbreaking study challenges basic tenets of US social welfare policy with proof that raising Black children in two-parent families does not close racial gaps in life outcomes.

Ever since Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s controversial 1965 report on “The Negro Family,” the disadvantages of the single-parent household have been at the center of debates about racial inequality in the United States. In particular, absent fathers and single-parent homes are seen as fundamental to the “tangle of pathology” that supposedly underlies Black disadvantage. Redressing inequality thus requires interventions that promote marriage and shore up the two-parent family.

Inherited Inequality is a decisive refutation of this narrative and a definitive account of the harm it has caused. Marshaling extensive longitudinal data of African American and white children from birth through young adulthood, sociologist Christina Cross demonstrates that the two-parent family is no equalizer. While growing up with two parents increases average household income and allows for more parental involvement, the resulting gains are racially skewed: Black children brought up in a two-parent home still fare much worse than their white counterparts, in school and on the job market. Thus, interventions aimed at correcting the supposed deficiencies of the Black family will not fix these inequities. To the contrary, Cross insists, focusing on family structure distracts us from the racist legacies and logics that persistently leave African Americans with fewer resources and opportunities, regardless of who raises them.

The first comprehensive empirical study of its kind, Inherited Inequality is a resounding repudiation of welfare policies that, to this day, favor marriage counseling over economic assistance. More than that, it is a provocative invitation to rethink the meaning of family in Black communities.

Christina J. Cross is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Harvard University. Her writing has appeared in the New York Times and leading sociology journals.

A groundbreaking study challenges basic tenets of US social welfare policy with proof that raising Black children in two-parent families does not close racial gaps in life outcomes.

Ever since...


Advance Praise

Inherited Inequality is a must-read for anyone concerned with the dynamics of racial inequality. Drawing on high-quality data and rigorous analysis, sociologist Christina Cross shows that even Black children raised in the ideal two-parent household will face more obstacles in life and bear real disadvantages over the life course compared with their white peers. It decisively upends assumptions about family structure that have shaped our public policy for decades.” —Lawrence D. Bobo, Harvard University

“This book is especially timely as politicians roll back social equity programs, claiming that married parents are all it takes for kids to succeed. But Cross convincingly demonstrates that the same racial and economic inequalities that make marriage less common among Black Americans also make the many marriages that do occur less economically and educationally advantageous for Black children.” —Stephanie Coontz, author of The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap

“Why is our country’s racial policy fixated on ‘marriage promotion’ when what really matters is access to high-quality schools, amenity-rich neighborhoods, and other mobility-generating resources? In Inherited Inequality, Christina Cross shows that pro-marriage policy is the ‘great distracter,’ deflecting our attention from the real sources of unequal opportunity and preventing us from building policy targeted to causes. A brilliant demonstration of the payoff to a steely-eyed focus on the data.” —David B. Grusky, author of Social Stratification: Race, Class, and Gender in Sociological Perspective

“This is the book I've been waiting for! Through rigorous analyses, Christina Cross not only challenges the promotion of two-parent families as the cure-all for America's ills but also shines a bright light on the real solutions needed to advance equity and justice for Black families in America.” —Bethany Letiecq, President of the National Council on Family Relations

“Beautifully written and brilliantly argued, Inherited Inequality combats racial stereotypes with real statistics. Marriage is presented to all American families, and especially to Black families, as a panacea for a multitude of social ills. Yet Cross reveals in intimate detail how even two parents cannot shield their children from the weight of American racism and exclusion. As inviting as it is informative, this book is a wakeup call to examine the legacy of our most entrenched racial inequalities.” —Anthony Abraham Jack, author of Class Dismissed: When Colleges Ignore Inequality and Students Pay the Price


Inherited Inequality is a must-read for anyone concerned with the dynamics of racial inequality. Drawing on high-quality data and rigorous analysis, sociologist Christina Cross shows that even Black...


Available Editions

EDITION Hardcover
ISBN 9780674278493
PRICE $29.95 (USD)
PAGES 208

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